Power outage food safety

 When in Doubt, Throw it Out!

https://www.foodsafety.gov/food-safety-charts/food-safety-during-power-outage

Food Safety During Power Outage

Refrigerated Food and Power Outages: When to Save It and When to Throw It Out

As the USDA notes in Keeping Food Safe During an Emergency, your refrigerator will keep food safe for up to 4 hours during a power outage. Keep the door closed as much as possible. Discard refrigerated perishable food such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and leftovers after 4 hours without power.

After a power outage never tastes food to determine its safety. You will have to evaluate each item separately—use this chart as a guide. When in Doubt, Throw it Out!

Type of Food	Held above 40 °F for more than 2 hours
Meat, poultry, seafood
Raw or leftover cooked meat, poultry, fish, or seafood; soy meat substitutes	Discard
Thawing meat or poultry	Discard
Salads: Meat, tuna, shrimp, chicken, or egg salad	Discard
Gravy, stuffing, broth	Discard
Lunchmeats, hot dogs, bacon, sausage, dried beef	Discard
Pizza with any topping	Discard
Canned hams labeled "Keep Refrigerated"	Discard
Canned meats and fish, opened	Discard
Casseroles, soups, stews	Discard
Cheese
Soft cheeses: blue/bleu, Roquefort, Brie, Camembert, cottage, cream, Edam, Monterey Jack, ricotta, mozzarella, Muenster, Neufchatel, queso blanco, queso fresco	Discard
Hard cheeses: Cheddar, Colby, Swiss, Parmesan, provolone, Romano	Keep
Processed cheeses	Keep
Shredded cheeses	Discard
Low-fat cheeses	Discard
Grated Parmesan, Romano, or combination (in can or jar)	Keep
Dairy
Milk, cream, sour cream, buttermilk, evaporated milk, yogurt, eggnog, soy milk	Discard
Butter, margarine	Keep
Baby formula, opened	Discard
Eggs
Fresh eggs, hard-cooked in shell, egg dishes, egg products	Discard
Custards and puddings, quiche	Discard
Fruits
Fresh fruits, cut	Discard
Fresh fruits, uncut	Keep
Fruit juices, opened	Keep
Canned fruits, opened	Keep
Dried fruits, raisins, candied fruits, dates	Keep
Sliced or shredded coconut	Discard
Sauces, Spreads, Jams
Opened mayonnaise, tartar sauce, horseradish	Discard (if above 50 °F for more than 8 hrs)
Peanut butter	Keep
Jelly, relish, taco sauce, mustard, catsup, olives, pickles	Keep
Worcestershire, soy, barbecue, hoisin sauces	Keep
Fish sauces, oyster sauce	Discard
Opened vinegar-based dressings	Keep
Opened creamy-based dressings	Discard
Spaghetti sauce, opened	Discard
Bread, cakes, cookies, pasta, grains
Bread, rolls, cakes, muffins, quick breads, tortillas	Keep
Refrigerator biscuits, rolls, cookie dough	Discard
Cooked pasta, rice, potatoes	Discard
Pasta salads with mayonnaise or vinaigrette	Discard
Fresh pasta	Discard
Cheesecake	Discard
Breakfast foods: waffles, pancakes, bagels	Keep
Pies and pastry
Cream filled pastries	Discard
Pies: custard, cheese-filled, or chiffon; quiche	Discard
Fruit pies	Keep
Vegetables
Fresh vegetables, cut	Discard
Fresh vegetables, uncut	Keep
Fresh mushrooms, herbs, spices	Keep
Greens, pre-cut, pre-washed, packaged	Discard
Vegetables, cooked	Discard
Tofu, cooked	Discard
Vegetable juice, opened	Discard
Baked potatoes	Discard
Commercial garlic in oil	Discard
Potato salad	Discard
Casseroles, soups, stews	Discard

Frozen Food and Power Outages: When to Save It and When to Throw It Out

A full freezer will hold a safe temperature for approximately 48 hours (24 hours if it is half full and the door remains closed). Food may be safely refrozen if it still contains ice crystals or is at 40°F or below, however, its quality may suffer. Never taste food to determine its safety. Use this chart as a general guide.

Type of food	Contains ice crystals and feels cold as if refrigerated	Thawed and held above 40°F for more than 2 hours
Meat, poultry, seafood
Meat, poultry, seafood – all types of cuts	Refreeze	Discard
stews, soups	Refreeze	Discard
Dairy
Milk	Refreeze (some loss of texture)	Discard
Eggs (out of shell) and egg products	Refreeze	Discard
Ice cream, frozen yogurt	Discard	Discard
Cheese (soft and semi-soft)	Refreeze (some loss of texture)	Discard
Hard cheeses	Refreeze	Refreeze
Shredded cheeses	Refreeze	Discard
Cheesecake	Refreeze	Discard
Fruits
Juices	Refreeze	Refreeze. (discard if mold, yeasty smell, or sliminess develops)
Home or commercially packaged	Refreeze (will change texture and flavor)	Refreeze (discard if mold, yeasty smell, or sliminess develops)
Vegetables
Juices	Refreeze	Discard after held above 40°F for 6 hours
Home or commercially packaged or blanched	Refreeze (may suffer texture and flavor loss)	Discard after held above 40°F for 6 hours
Breads and pastries
Breads, rolls, muffins, cakes (without custard fillings)	Refreeze	Refreeze
Cakes, pies, pastries with custard or cheese filling	Refreeze	Discard
Pie crusts, commercial and homemade bread dough	Refreeze (some quality loss may occur)	Refreeze (quality loss is considerable)
Other Foods
Casseroles: pasta, rice-based	Refreeze	Discard
Flour, cornmeal, nuts	Refreeze	Refreeze
Breakfast items: waffles, pancakes, bagels	Refreeze	Refreeze
Frozen meal, entree, specialty item (pizza, sausage and biscuit, meat pie, convenience foods)	Refreeze	Discard

Date Last Reviewed

 

April 12, 2019

Early Voting Centers and a little history lesson

 https://voterservices.elections.maryland.gov/PollingPlaceSearch

https://coronavirus.maryland.gov/

The County of Baltimore was "erected" around 1659 in the records of the General Assembly of Maryland one of the earliest divisions of the Maryland Colony into counties when a warrant was issued to be served by the "Sheriff of Baltimore County."The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its metropolitan area was settled by David Jones in 1661, his claim covering the area known today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls river, which flows south into Baltimore's Inner Harbor. The following year, shipwright Charles Gorsuch settled Whetstone Point, the present location of Fort McHenry. In 1665, the west side of the Jones Falls on the Inner Harbor was settled when 550 acres of land, thereafter named Cole's Harbor, was granted to Thomas Cole and later sold to David Jones in 1679. Old Saint Paul's Parish of Baltimore County was one of the "Original Thirty" parishes designated for the Colony. It included the county of Baltimore and the future Baltimore Town and was part of the "established" or "state" Church of England, also known as the Anglican Church. It was the first church built in the metro area, erected in 1692 on the Patapsco Neck peninsula in southeastern Baltimore County, along the Colgate Creek which flowed into the Patapsco River (present site of today's Dundalk Marine Terminal of the Port of Baltimore). Jones's stepson James Todd resurveyed Cole's Harbor in 1696. The track was renamed Todd's Range, which was then sold off in progressively smaller parcels, thereby forming the land that would become the Town of Baltimore thirty years later.

Another "Baltimore" existed on the Bush River as early as 1674. That first county seat of Baltimore County is known today as "Old Baltimore". It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County. In 1674, the General Assembly passed "An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province."[10] The site of the courthouse and jail for Baltimore County was evidently "Old Baltimore" near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed "An Act for Advancement of Trade" to "establish towns, ports, and places of trade, within the province."[11] One of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was "on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House." The courthouse on the Bush River referenced in the 1683 Act was in all likelihood the one created by the 1674 Act. "Old Baltimore" was in existence as early as 1674, but we don't know with certainty what if anything happened on the site prior to that year. The exact location of Old Baltimore was lost for years. It was certain that the location was somewhere on the site of the present-day Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG), a U.S. Army testing facility. in the 1990s, APG's Cultural Resource Management Program took up the task of finding Old Baltimore. The firm of R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates was contracted for the project. After Goodwin first performed historical and archival work, they coordinated their work with existing landscape features to locate the site of Old Baltimore. APG's Explosive Ordnance Disposal personnel went in with Goodwin to defuse any unexploded ordnance. Working in 1997 and 1998, the field team uncovered building foundations, trash pits, faunal remains, and 17,000 artifacts, largely from the 17th century.[12][13] The Bush River proved to be an unfortunate location because the port became silted and impassable to ships, forcing the port facilities to relocate.[14] By the time Baltimore on the Patapsco River was established in 1729, Old Baltimore Town had faded away.

Maryland's colonial General Assembly created and authorized the Port of Baltimore in 1706 at the Head of the Northwest Branch of the Patapsco River in what was later known as "the Basin" (today's Inner Harbor) and later expanded east and southeast down-river to the settlement later known as Fells Point to the east near the mouth of the Jones Falls and further in the nineteenth century to what became known as Canton.

The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore,[16] (1605–1675),[17] of the Irish House of Lords and founding proprietor of the Province of Maryland.[18][19] Cecilius Calvert was the oldest son of Sir George Calvert, (1579–1632), who became the First Lord Baltimore of County Longford, Ireland in 1625. Previously, he had been a loyal agent of King Charles I of England (1600–1649) as his Secretary of State until declaring himself a follower of Roman Catholicism. Regardless, the King still gave his heir Cecil the 1632 grant for the Maryland colony, named after Charles's wife, Queen Henrietta Marie. The colony was a followup to his earlier settlement in Newfoundland, known as "Acadia" or "Avalon", (future Canada), which he found too cold and difficult for habitation.[20]

Also around the Basin to the southeast along the southern peninsula which ended at Whetstone Point—today South Baltimore, Federal Hill, and Locust Point—the funding for new wharves and slips came from individual wealthy ship-owners and brokers and from the public authorities through the town commissioners by means of lotteries, for the tobacco trade and shipping of other raw materials overseas to the Mother Country, for receiving manufactured goods from England, and for trade with other ports being established up and down the Chesapeake Bay and in the other burgeoning colonies along the Atlantic coast.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Baltimore

Happy Halloween

 

.

Happy Halloween, Ghouls and Boils!

#HappyHalloween

Please be safe if you are trick or treating!

How to make a Halloween Black Cat with Paper

 https://artprojectsforkids.org/halloween-black-cat/

Halloween Week Lesson Plans for Homeschool

 https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/e/2PACX-1vQzRWaeUExmGgg1rcyA6bYzKAKj_rCz-3m_YRiESHy3k19YF_WFB15uvqjnsaS-9_s0ANLyf3Z2D2RH/pub?start=false&loop=false&delayms=3000&slide=id.ga4edd90cc8_0_27

We are taking this week off to enjoy all the rainy days! 

Happy Halloween!!

#homeschool

#unschool

#bitmojiclassroom

#brainbreak

RAIN technique for feelings

 

https://biglifejournal.com/blogs/blog/help-kids-overcome-fear-failure

The link between mindfulness and resilience is very well documented. Recently, a study at Florida State University found mindful college students were more like to find benefit in adversity. When faced with perceived failure, they also remained confident of their academic abilities (Hanley et al., 2015).

So how can we help children establish a more mindful attitude?

Created by Michelle McDonald, the RAIN technique is a simple way for kids to notice and accept their feelings. Here are the four steps:

R-Recognize what is happening (“What is happening in this moment? How am I feeling?” “Where do I feel it in my body?”)

Example: “I’m so mad at myself for failing my spelling test. I want to cry.”

A-Allow life to be just as it is (“I can let the thoughts or feelings just be here. Even if I don’t like it.”)

Example: “I am mad and I feel like crying. It’s uncomfortable but I can allow myself to feel this way.”

I-Investigate with kindness (“Why do I feel this way?” “Is it really true?”)

Example: “I notice I’m also a little disappointed in myself too, not just mad. I’m wondering why? Maybe it’s because I think I could have studied more.”

N-Non-Identification (“I am having a thought or emotion, but I am not that thought or emotion.”)

Example: “I can have angry and disappointed feelings without being those feelings. I am bigger than how I feel at this moment.”

To practice the RAIN strategy, simply print the above steps and model it using one of your own failures. Then ask if your child would like to try this process with her recent mistake.

Let your mind wander for 10 minutes

 

#homeschool #healthclass #homeschoolhealthclass 

Worksheet I found on Pinterest

Great to start the week a little clearer-headed 

MUFFINS THAT TASTE LIKE DOUGHNUTS RECIPE

 MUFFINS THAT TASTE LIKE DOUGHNUTS RECIPE

4 weeks ago

What you need:

3/4 cup sugar

1 large egg

1 1/2 cups all-purpose flour

2 tsp baking power

1/4 tsp salt

1/4 tsp ground nutmeg

1/4 cup vegetable oil

3/4 cup milk

1 tsp vanilla extract

2 Tbsp butter, melted

1/2 cup sugar, for rolling (I added in a few shakes of cinnamon)

DIRECTIONS:

Preheat oven to 350. Lightly grease a muffin tin. In a large bowl, beat together sugar and egg until light in color. In a small bowl, whisk together flour, baking powder, salt, and nutmeg. Pour into the egg mixture and stir to combine. Pour in vegetable oil, milk, and vanilla extract. Divide batter evenly into 12 muffin cups, filling each about 3/4 full. Bake for 15-18 minutes, until a tester inserted into the center, comes out clean.

While muffins are baking, melt butter and pour remaining sugar into a small bowl. When muffins are done, lightly brush the top of each with some melted butter, remove from the pan, and roll in sugar. Cool on a wire rack.

WW SP: 6

Serves: 12

Source: recipe-of-today

40 Fun Things To Do With Empty Notebooks

 https://www.ryanhart.org/notebook-ideas/

40 Fun Things To Do With Empty Notebooks

Discover my favorite things to do with an empty notebook. Use one of these notebook ideas to inspire your next creation.

Introduction To The Spiritual Teaching

 Introduction To The Spiritual Teaching

Introduction to the spiritual teaching presented by Semjase during the 10th contact on Wednesday, 26th March, 1975, 3:20 pm.

Note: If Bold – improved translation from 2016/2017

Semjase:

1. The time has come to talk about things which are very important in connection with the consciousness and spiritual evolution of Earth humans.

2. For this reason, I do not wish to respond to any questions at this time unless they relate directly to this discourse. Please understand.

3. The human bears a spirit that does not die nor sleep during the deepest sleep of the human; it records all thoughts and motions; it informs the human whether his thoughts are correct or false-if he has learned to pay attention.

4. The spirit within the human is the bearer of the creative realm, and every human has his own (spirit).

5. It is incomprehensible that the human speaks of a heaven and of a kingdom of heaven within himself, rather than to merely say: Creation, truth, knowledge, wisdom, spirit, consciousness and existence.

6. A human’s yearning lies in the joy that remains, for the imperishable life, the permanent peace, the spiritual and consciousness-based wealth that never fades and lasts forever.

7. Heaven and Earth will perish, but truth, knowledge, wisdom and spirit will never be changing [change?] or perish.

8. The spirit and the consciousness are on the look-out for what is perfect, for harmony, for peace, cognition and realization, for knowledge, wisdom, truth and beauty, for love and for the true BEING, all of which are of absolute duration.

9. All of these lead to what forms the spiritual kingdom of wisdom; all are existing within what is creative.

10. All of these are here in existence, as a genius of all ingenuity, as a melody of all melodies, as ability of all abilities, as the highest creative principle, as wonder of all wonders.

11. The human may create wondrous worlds in a dream, just as Creation consciously creates the worlds.

12. To the human, this capability arises from his consciousness, which is obtainable in existence within himself, in the same way that all wonders are available within himself.

13. He himself is the realm of heaven, the realm of what is creative.

14. That’s why the terrestrial philosophers of old spoke about the human as a microcosm within a macrocosm because everything that is contained within the universe is also within the human.

15. The inner dimensions of the human are endless.

16. The image of Creation, the spirit within him--the existence that is without dimension--it bears all dimensions within itself and, at the same time, transcends all dimensions.

17. The spirit is the wonder of all wonders, and all power emerges from it.

18. A wonder means using the spirit force in perfection.

19. The human, however, places a wonder into something for which he lacks all possibilities of a logical explanation.

20. If a human is happy, his happiness comes from within, because happiness is a self-created state; never is happiness a location.

21. Joy comes forth from the human’s inner part, created by spiritual and consciousness-based poise.

22. Therefore, everything comes from within.

23. The things that, or humans who, seemingly form the cause of happiness, are only the external occasion to bring the happiness within the human expressing itself, if he has worked towards this in a consciousness-based manner.

24. But happiness is something that also belongs to the innermost, spiritual being, and it is an inseparable characteristic of the Creation’s existence.

25. Endless happiness and endless power are included in this existence.

26. Outwardly, the human may be old, but this is only a passing matter.

27. Fifty years ago he wasn’t, and in fifty years--when his body is dead--he will not be, because only the body may become old and infirm.

28. The spirit, however, remains forever young and suffers no symptoms of old age.

29. The old age, and also youth and infancy, and also sorrows, grief or problems, is something that passes, like it is the case with all external conditions and experiences of the world.

30. What is lasting is the existence of the spirit, truth, knowledge, wisdom, reality.

31. What matters is to recognize and build them, because they only make the human free.

32. If the human recognizes the existence of his spirit, then old age can no longer affect him.

33. No sorrows, no suffering, no problem, no changes and no ups and downs of life and of the surroundings, of the environment and the world may still throw him into grief.

34. Wisdom is an elemental, tremendous power.

35. Wisdom is light.

36. And wherever a light shines, darkness and ignorance vanish.

37. But ignorance is the actual darkness, and it is overcome by the light of wisdom.

38. Wisdom is a characteristic of the existence of the spirit and the consciousness, and it bears within itself the qualities of happiness, truth, knowledge, balance, beauty, harmony and peace.

39. Wisdom is light.

40. However, wisdom is the characteristic of a human who has recognized the existence of his spirit and material consciousness and cooperates along with the Creational laws.

41. Wisdom is the unfolding of the consciousness as well as use of the powers of consciousness and spirit.

42. Wisdom and spirit as well consciousness and truth are two things that amount to one, in the same way as sunlight and the sun are two things.

43. The sunlight results from the heat of the sun, which she herself first has to generate through her processes.

44. Thus, there is also an all-creating existence in the universe that, on the strength of its force, creates forces that constantly and imperturbably follow and enliven the endless eons--as truth, knowledge and wisdom, (and) according to a given uniform guideline--along certain Creative laws.

45. This forceful existence, however, is Creation.

46. And therefore, there is only one existence that rules throughout the universe — only one Creation, only one truth, one knowledge and one wisdom — which are equally directed and unchanging for all times.

47. The eternal truth is not subject to any variations and changes, and its laws must never be revised and therefore never adjusted to new times.

48. The spiritual power is as vital and dynamic as the consciousness power, namely, to the extent that these embody wisdom within.

49. It is a sign of human weakness when religions and sects and their false teachings are presented as instruments of what is Creational, and when wisdom becomes unreal through this.

50. The human searches elsewhere for strength, freedom, joy and light, but not where they really may be found.

51. Wisdom is a distinguishing feature of Creation which, as a fragment of it, inhabits the human as spirit.

52. Therefore, the human shall increase his knowledgeable wisdom through his consciousness, and he will recognize Creation.

53. He shall increase his search for truth, and he shall know about the power of wisdom.

54. Cognition of the truth brings liberation from all restrictions.

55. It brings boundless knowledge and wisdom.

56. Wisdom is a powerful means to recognize the laws of Creation.

57. A human who is filled with love is also rich in wisdom, and a human who is rich in wisdom is also full of love.

58. However, the human cheats himself because he does not know love.

59. He interprets possessive feelings and other sentiments as love, while, to him, real love remains strange and not understood.

60. A human is a real human only then when he has recognized and acquired the truth, the knowledge and the wisdom, even if he never used the word Creation, because wisdom is also love in its best form.

61. Thus, he always finds that enlightenment and recognition are knowledge and also wisdom and love, and where love rules, there rules wisdom, too.

62. Love and wisdom belong together, because Creation and Its laws are love and wisdom at the same time.

63. Where there is wisdom and knowledge, there is love and cognition, and where there is cognition and love, there is Creation.

64. Growth within love and wisdom teach the human to recognize Creation.

65. First, however, the human learns the truth, and thereby he will gain freedom and peace, a peace which is imperishable, a power without an end.

66. Wisdom and love both are two stimulating wings of the creative essence and character.

67. With wisdom and love, the human is master over all creation.

68. Wisdom and love increase his dedication for the fulfillment of the given creative-natural laws, because spirit and Creation are one.

69. The earth human speaks of love that he does not know.

70. He believes he knows that his sentiments are love and, through this, he deceives himself.

71. Love cannot be clothed in words, because it is, just as happiness is, a state and not a place.

72. True love is imperishable, and nothing is able to change it into something else.

73. The path of the consciousness power and the spiritual power leads beyond the cognition of truth, knowledge, wisdom and love.

74. The sense and function of the spiritual teaching, therefore, is to spread truth, knowledge, wisdom and love.

75. If the teaching fails through abuse or false interpretation, it is no longer an aid, but rather it becomes an evil cult which, through false teachings, enslaves the material consciousness and produces ignorance, as is the case with the false teachings of the sects and religions.

76. However if it carries out the function of expanding the consciousness and expanding the spiritual knowledge, then it is a powerful instrument of the creational order.

77. The spiritual teaching deals with the spreading of cognition, truth, knowledge, wisdom and love, with what is eternal, immortal, (and) imperishable, what overcomes death and spreads light, what embodies within itself the balance of wisdom and love, and they deal with the peace that surpasses all understanding.

78. Each human believes to know what is meant by peace, in the manner that he knows it according to human experience.

79. But to understand the wise peace of the endless existence, the spirit, the immortal Creation, surpasses his human understanding.

80. The reason for this is that he is a prisoner of religious false teachings and human-material things that withhold from him an understanding for inner experience.

81. The experience that forms the true key for true cognition and wisdom.

82. The kingdom of the spirit holds wonders over wonders.

83. The visible universe with which the human deals, is but a tiny spot within this wonderful, endless, spiritual intelligence of Creation.

84. Countless billion universes like this are held within the endless spiritual intelligence of Creation.

85. What is visible to the human's physical eyes is but a tiny iota within endlessness.

86. What he cannot see with his eyes is immeasurable, inconceivable and unthinkable; it is confusing and unimaginable for his unspiritual human intelligence and (mental) capacity.

87. The entire universe which he sees is but one of many rooms and must be counted as myriads, because there are universes within universes, universes beyond universes, universes under universes, universes above universes and universes out of the universes within this ur-mighty, colossal and all-creative spiritual intelligence of the Creation's existence.

88. And the human is connected with this mighty spirit, with these elemental powers of existence, Creation, spiritual intelligence, because a fragment of this spirit-intelligence Creation dwells within, and enlivens, the human as spirit.

89. Its (the spirit's) power, its joy, its peace, its freedom, its wisdom, its knowledge and its ability are unimaginable for people that are spiritually ignorant, illogical; for critics and know-it-alls; for those dependent to religions; for degenerated ones and other persons that have been led astray.

90. And only a human who knows this truth and produces knowledge and wisdom and love from it, is a blessed human.

91. He knows the answer to the last questions of science, of philosophy, and also of the wondering human.

92. But in order to become such a blessed human it is required to search for and find the truth, to gain knowledge, wisdom and love from it, for the human is only able to spiritually grow in truth, knowledge, wisdom and love, whereby he will be freed from all human frailties.

93. The human is enlightened and fully freed only if he--in his thoughts--incessantly and constantly dwells in the endless creative-spiritual reality.

94. The spiritual intelligence is enlightened by lawful spiritual principles, and directed towards the creative being, the perfection and the power of what is creative itself.

95. This in contrast to the human intelligence, because the human consciousness generally only deals with single things of the material world.

96. As a consequence, the human is restricted and handicapped in every direction; he even gets captured, suppressed, plagued and tortured by all possible forms of misfortune, frailties and enslavement.

97. Therefore, a human's individual self-analysis is one of the essential methods to find the truth and to walk on the path of spiritual evolution.

98. Therefore, it is necessary that the human constantly examines his thoughts and may see, of what kind they are.

99. He has to pay attention (to the fact) that, ultimately, he is always led, directed and determined by creative-philosophical principles and realities, by creative-natural laws.

100. Within the human, there should reign a continually conscious feeling of belonging to what is creative, with his essential spiritual breath, his essential spiritual BEING.

101. It shall be spiritually clear to him that his essential spiritual BEING is inseparably one with what is Creative, in order that he may--in this awareness--overcome the material outer world.

102. This creative-philosophical truth and cognition should always and first of all rule a human's thinking, feeling and acting.

103. For only he who is one with the spirit can recognize and do good in the long run, because he has the possibilities of Creation within himself.

104. Nothing negative within the endless universe may touch and enslave him anymore.

105. In addition to this creative-philosophical consciousness comes the practical, dynamic, creative, i.e. the mystical consciousness that consists of the perception of the one reality in all things.

106. Therefore the human has to be a practical philosopher and mystic, and perceive the reality in its changeable, passing forms.

107. For what is a human?

108. He is only a figure and a name.

109. If one takes away a human's name and figure, what will remain?

110. What remains is the fundamental essence, the existence--the spirit.

111. The human who fails to see this will be driven around and away by the slightest breath of air, without hope for rescue; (he will) always (be) striving to find a firm hold somewhere that, however, will never be offered unless he searches for, and finds, the fundamental truth.

112. Billions of humans look up to the stars in the sky, however without any results or realizations.

113. Astronomers, however, while looking up to the sky, discover new worlds and write books about it.

114. But what they see and recognize, other people cannot see or recognize, even if they can look up.

115. Despite their seeing eyes they are blind.

116. In a similiar way this is the case with the normal and the spiritual human:

117. The human, who truly lives according to Creation's laws, sees everywhere and recognizes what is creative, in every life form, in every thing, in every thought and act in every human, in all of nature's work and also in all conceivable circumstances.

118. But the normal, unspiritual human, who is harmed by religions or other unreal teachings, may not see or hear, or recognize even one iota of truth.

119. His life is unspiritual, all the more pressed into human-material ways.

120. Thereby he is blind, deaf and ignorant.

121. The human who adheres to Creation's laws is the most blessed and most fearless being.

122. His will is insurmountable, his dedication immeasurable and endless, and his wisdom and love are constant and perfect, not capricious and full of doubts, like it is the case with those who are dependent from religions or generally those who are led astray in some way.

123. His mind resembles the wide, endless sea and does not let itself come out of its rest.

124. He does not tremble with fear.

125. Therefore, the human may unfold his spiritual mind that is not anymore reached by any degenerated negative force;

126. The mind which gives no shelter to negatively degenerated thoughts and supersedes all positively degenerated thoughts and actions.

127. Only a balanced mind that is rooted in what is creative--in creative service, in creative wisdom, its knowledge, its love and joy that are more real than all material walls around (and more real than) the human environment--is valuable and serving the spirit's development.

128. Therefore the human being shall be spiritually great and constructive at all times.

129. The spirit, the source of all endless, creative development, is itself the human's innermost being.

130. The human outer being is full of limitations, because it is not itself, but only its wrap, its material body, a limitation, a misleading matter, the source of toil and pain, (and it is) limited regarding cognition and will, willingness to make sacrifices, freedom, love and luck.

131. If the human looks at his fellowman in an external, material way only, he sees nothing other than just exactly the form and figure, the material of this special person.

132. If he looks at him with the spiritual eyes of cognition and knows that this (universally) all-testifying consciousness in himself is also in all the other ones, albeit unknown to them, then the manner of how he sees his fellowmen changes completely.

133. He then does not simply see a man anymore, a woman, a girl or a child, but he sees the fellowman as a bearer of a creative spirit that knows about itself, about its existence, and wants to reveal itself through anybody if there would only be offered an opportunity.

134. He who knows the truth sees his fellowman from this knowledge and recognition, because he sees in him what is creative.

135. At least he now knows more than he knew before he recognized the truth.

136. This is the proof then that ignorance is nothing that cannot be changed for all times.

137. If the human is willing to accept the truth he can free himself from all ignorance.

138. The human can free himself from everything, and everything can be taken from him, except the creative consciousness, the spirit, the existence within his interior, this purely spiritual realm within him.

139. He may be robbed from all of his possessions and may be driven away from his home, but nobody may drive him away from his spiritual realm within his interior.

140. Thus, the human should be constantly aware of what is creative, without which he would not be able to draw a single breath, could grasp no thought, could not realize, see, hear or experience.

141. Therefore, the great sages of all times say: "The creative spirit is nearer to the human than his own breath."

142. The human may not escape from this highest consciousness, for sooner or later, he surrenders to this creative reality, because it is the life of his life, the spirit of his spirit, the consciousness of his consciousness, the light of his light, the central thought force of all life, the existence that projects all human thinking by far, against which all power of the human-material-intellectual thinking sinks into absolute insignificance.

143. The spirit itself is able to live without the light of the physical eyes, in the same way that it may live without hearing, arms, legs or even without the exterior consciousness' exterior understanding.

144. However, there is always something present that enables him to keep on living, namely his own creative force.

145. This awareness of oneself, this all-observing and all-registering spiritual consciousness within the human, that looks at his thoughts and motions and that stands behind all of his thinking, that tells him whether he is knowing or ignorant, this is what is called creative, the spiritual consciousness.

146. To always think again and again about the fact that the spirit is omnipotent--always present, all-knowing and, beyond this, endless luck, endless beauty, endless value, actually the value of all things--lets the word Creation become absolutely important for the human and brings forth evolution-related changes within him.

147. As often as the words spirit and Creation are impressed upon him, there occur within him psychological changes of the greatest importance.

148. His feelings and all of his senses change.

149. The more clear his spiritual intelligence becomes through it, the more his personality gains power, and the more blessed will be his life.

150. A wise one full of spirit consciousness sees what will happen in the most distant future, perhaps even billions of years later, and he has the life forms' and humankind's entire past before his eyes.

151. Thus, the greatest knowledge is given unto him.

152. Yet, how is this possible?

153. Such a human has the necessary requirements within his interior, in the spirit.

154. As the light may be perceived through the closed eye-lids, as lies within every human creative presence, the entire spiritual realm; however, it is visible only to those who are actually able to look inward through their inner eye.

155. It can only be useful to those who offer all requirements.

156. Every human bears within him the entire kingdom of spirit, but it is covered and beaten with ignorance, errors, imperfection, evil, mistakes and restrictions of all sorts, which have to be changed into their opposites through the recognition and acceptance of truth.

157. The human must resolve and open all evils by developing abilities that are opposed to everything that is degenerated and which lead to a neutral balance.

158. The way of experiencing the spirit will be accelerated through the unfolding of conscious searching and the gathering of true knowledge, and this unfolding leads to the true and all-encompassing, cosmic wisdom and love, based on the cognition that Creation is present within everything.

159. The human is one with everything within Creation, in truth, wisdom and love, in the kingdom of the spirit;

160. The truth and wisdom, that the human is separated through space and time and the body from each other; this, however, may be overcome through the internal experience.

161. Wisdom and love combined, knowledge and truth combined, the spirit's wisdom and love lead--through experience--to unity and Creation itself, to universal joy, power and perfection.

162. Since the human does not know what is of Creation, and is led astray, namely by spirit-enslaving religions, he makes a great many mistakes, searches for the true treasures in the wrong places and, thereby, violates all nature-related and creative order and all rules of laws.

163. As precisely as he will observe the human laws of the human society, he still will constantly offend against all laws and rules and order of what is creative in the universe, and will let himself be captured in human-material troubles, sorrows and problems, in fright, false teachings, deceptions and failings, in misfortune, spiritual ignorance and spiritual enslavement and restrictions.

164. Exactly what is of greatest value will be made unobtainable by unreal religions and human ignorance.

165. To the human, this ignorance and the misleading religions disguise that which is the source of all valuable things, the life of his life and the light of all intelligence--the spirit and the Creation.

166. The human shall accept the entire realm of his daily life and his experiences as creative.

167. He shall see himself everywhere in space, in the times and in all things.

168. He himself shall be everything and shall evoke all that is creative in everything, and, in this way, shall bring it to recognition and experience.

169. For, in everything is the Creation, and everything is enlivened through its spirit, through which everything is one in everything.

170. However the question remains how the human may identify himself with everything when he does not know the spirit's path.

171. Generally, he identifies himself with his body.

172. But what will happen when he tries to enter into the truth and aligns himself in his interior with the creative BEING and the spiritual reality?

173. Involuntarily the entire world dissolves in this real reality, the "spiritual truth".

174. The one and only principle of what is creative-spiritual. rules everywhere.

175. But how shall the human identify himself with everything?

176. The human shall see himself for just what he really is.

177. Generally he identifies himself with his body.

178. He cares for it like it were a gem, he nurtures it and takes trouble for it until self-sacrifice.

179. He surrounds it with pride, junk and a stupid delusion, while he lets his spirit become stunted.

180. However, a little bit of pain makes him angry, sullen and uncomfortable against other ones, or he even starts complaining and crying, has self-pity and robs himself of his life.

181. He surrounds his body with some nondescript halo and with vanity, fear, sorrow, pride and problems.

182. More and more often, everything revolves around his body only.

183. Often he extends his body identity towards his material possessions, or he gets upset if some fellowman involuntarily touches it.

184. Yet, what will a human do about it when he has recognized the spiritual truth?

185. He will identify himself with all things and all the world's life forms and the universes.

186. A human full of creative-spiritual wisdom, full of knowledge, truth, love and cognition, knows that from the truth everything originated, originates and will originate for all eternity.

187. Therefore, he identifies himself with each and everything.

188. In his spiritual consciousness, he will always be--in his innermost part--one with each and everything.

189. In his interior, in his spiritual consciousness, he will identify himself with everything in the universe, in the same manner that the other one, who thinks materialistically, identifies himself with his body, with his money, his possessions, his confused speaking and teaching, and with the sound of his voice.

190. But when the human identifies himself with everything in the universe, no hate and no greed may dwell within him anymore, because he makes no more selfish differences.

191. He has just become one with the essence in everything.

192. Other people may claim something as their exclusive property, but he who thinks spiritually identifies it with the truth within and, therefore, owns everything internally.

193. All fright has left him, while he identifies himself with the truth.

194. This truth of Creation and of the spirit, with which he is one, even directs his enemy's hand that will rise against him, in such a way that it falls back to (the enemy) himself.

195. The spiritual one is protected and sheltered, and the whole nature is well-disposed toward him, and yes, even his enemies have to serve him in the end.

196. With their attacks, they cause the spiritual within him to unfold to even greater strength and power and to overcome all that is evil, vile and degenerated.

197. Ultimately, the enemies only contribute to the recognition of the truth and growth of those who think spiritually.

198. They wish evil, troubles and bad things to those who think spiritually; they are of the opinion that they could destroy them through critique, know-it-all manner, lies and defamation, through complaints and false teachings, through condemning and making a fool of him; however, they only cause damage to themselves, because their acting gives testimony of intellectual foolishness and ignorance, from which he who thinks spiritually learns even more and becomes even greater and more powerful in his spirit and consciousness.

199. Are such truths perhaps suggestions?

200. To claim this would be a delusion, because it is false.

201. It deals here with absolute truths.

202. Generally, the lives of those who are thinking falsely, who are led astray and are depending upon religions, are full of evil suggestions, full of imaginary concepts, false teachings and delusional assumptions.

203. The only possibility and the only means to overcome those damages is to fundamentally recognize the truths which abolish the human figments, to adhere to them and to let rule the highest creative-spiritual forces.

204. All unreal suggestions and human imaginations will be corrected by stating: "I, the human, am a part of Creation that, as a fragment, as spirit, enlivens me."

205. Yet the knowledge that everything is imaginations and illusions, except the creative-spiritual force, truth and reality, (this knowledge) doesn't diminish the eagerness that the human unfolds in his life at all, but it will drive him up into unimagined heights.

206. Only that which is true and which remains truth can be valid as truth; something on which one can depend on through eternity, and that never and under no circumstances ever needs revision.

207. Truth must never be adjusted to some other or new time, because it is constant for all times.

208. It is eternally constant and always sounds alike, even if it is spoken with other words.

209. It is the rock upon which one can build in eternal times and in all spaces.

210. The truth has been before life, and the truth is afterwards also.

211. What is only of a short duration is danger, a grave deception, a false teaching.

212. Creation and truth are always the same, today just as tomorrow; they are always unchanging and of eternal, constant value.

213. They do not change, neither name nor form, because Creation and truth are without names and forms.

214. Therefore, the human shall cling to what is creative, because alone what is creative is the truth.

215. It is that which is imperishable, like Creation itself; it is that which is eternal and perfect, that is worth all of human's efforts of will, because near it the human does not fall prey to deception.

216. Therefore, he shall cling to the truth and become imperturbable in always constant calmness, joy, knowledge, love, strength and wisdom in all things.

217. That which is creative alone is endless wisdom and truth, with which there is not one iota of error.

218. Therefore, the human shall get strength from the creative wisdom, and he shall search for his light in his own spirit.

219. The spiritual human knows well that he may not move his hand in a room without touching myriad of what is creative, because it is always present in all times and spaces.

220. The spiritual human is full of joy when he knows about the truth that the creative--which is eternally and indescribably powerful--surrounds him wherever he walks.

221. What is creative is full of endless peace, full of endless cognition and the most perfect perfection.

222. It is the source of all wonders of the highest spiritual consciousness that is present everywhere, within and external.

223. His joy is as endless as the spiritual life itself.

224. In order to achieve fast spiritual progress, the spiritual human looks upon each and everything as creative.

225. As soon as he sees something, he sees what is creative.

226. Behind everything and in its manifestations, there always stands before him what is creative.

227. Therefore, the spiritual human does not walk this way and that way in order to attain the highest spiritual experience; instead he always finds the best place to gather recognition and experience wherever he stays.

228. His spirit that is to be developed is within him and not at some other location.

229. He must develop it through his own thinking and acting.

230. Through this cognition, his attitude becomes a sanctuary, and all things along with him become holy--even the earth under his feet.

231. The spiritual human does not look upon the future as the time to experience Creation and the spirit dwelling within him, but the immediate "here and now", through which he--in the eyes of the non-spiritual normal people--lives in the most distant future, often totally misunderstood.

232. For the spiritual human, the time is not sometime, but always in the immediate "here and now".

233. For him it is not necessary to see physically in order to see the truth.

234. He begins to search within himself, and the truth becomes more and more real to him, because for him his spirit is the all-seeing presence.

235. No word that is spoken anywhere remains unheard by him.

236. In order to speed progress the spiritual human hears the sound of truth from any sound he hears, whereby each sound penetrates his spiritual consciousness and establishes there.

237. In the same manner every thing reminds him of that which is creative, and of the immediate truth.

238. Every circumstance is a creative circumstance, each opportunity a creative opportunity.

239. The creative human lives and works in such cognition, and through this he internally walks on.

240. What is great, what is spiritual, is present within his innermost as little things, because in the cognition of truth dwells what is infinite in the finite.

241. And within each human the infinite has its seat; however, very few are able to recognize this.

242. To wake up the infinite requires reasonable logic and being free from unreal teachings.

243. To wake up the infinite and let it become effective is the goal of life--spiritual perfection.

244. Those who are rich in spirit become an instrument, through which Creation expresses the spiritual realm.

245. This highest wisdom-like value of Creation lets the heaven arise.

246. Those who are rich in spirit are free of all boundaries of any restriction and the material self-awareness, and are, therefore, in constant touch with Creation itself.

247. In the case of the human, the weight of the material principle prevails.

248. In the not too distant future, terrestrial science will discover this principle in the (substance) matter.

249. Creation is included along with everything that was created; with everything that unfolds itself and develops further.

250. Only the unrestricted spirit and Creation itself represent true freedom, true perfection, true cognition, power, love, knowledge, truth and wisdom.

251. In its absoluteness, all of these are the creative itself.

252. In order to gain anything truly excellent in life, the human must be loyal to what is creative, the unrestricted and unlimitable.

253. Everything that is limited and restricted brings irreality and problems.

254. However, attractive as it may seem, it will once become a source of problems and irrealities.

255. The finite things of all forms are unnatural for the innermost essence, and, therefore, the human cannot recognize and love them as truth without harming himself most severely.

256. At all times they are full of faults, because everything that is finite brings along problems and difficulties.

257. If the human loves or possesses something that is finite, it has at least the fault of being absolutely transient.

258. He may love it greatly according to the human understanding of love; however, when its time comes it perishes, and he mourns over the loss of it.

259. That which is limited has faults in other respects, too.

260. Even if it does not perish at the first moment, it is at least subjected to changes.

261. If it is full of human love for one moment, it may be displaced by, or filled with, human hate at the next moment.

262. Whether it is a thing that changes or perishes, or a human who changes his approach towards his fellow man, the result is always sorrow and suffering, while that which may not be limited will never change because it is of unlimited and absolute lasting value.

263. When wisdom and truth dawn within the human and when his spiritual knowledge grows, when he is guided by universal love and when his life becomes a blessing to him and other ones, then cognition of truth has ripened within him.

264. Then he becomes aware of the fragment of Creation within him, the spirit--the spiritual realm.

265. Creation is present in spiritual love and wisdom.

266. He who struggles for spiritual light and spiritual love, to him the door to Creation opens.

267. If the human loves the truth, he loves that which is perfect and wonderful and what embodies the spiritual realm within itself, for it is also the path to wisdom's realm.

268. The human shall become aware of the creative presence and let his spiritual intelligence shine forth from everything.

269. He shall recognize that even in the vast, infinite and open space the eyes of that which is creative are directed towards him, and that Creation is the true intelligence that sees him with those eyes which keep everything safe and are endowed with a sense, and which are able to answer everything.

270. Therefore, he shall live consciously-spiritually under the eyes of that which is creative; he shall live with the consciousness of that which is spiritual, that is infinite power, of which he must always be aware.

271. Then he can never be weak.

The Parable of the Chinese Farmer

 A farmer and his family in ancient China owned a horse. His neighbors said how lucky he was to have such a fine horse to pull his plow through the fields. The farmer said, “Maybe yes, maybe no.”

One day the horse broke through the gate and ran away. His neighbors came around to lament his terrible loss, saying it was a terrible bit of bad luck. The farmer said, “Maybe yes, maybe no.”

Days later the horse returned to the farm along with seven wild horses. His neighbors came around to exclaim his remarkable good fortune, saying, “Now you are rich!” The farmer said, “Maybe yes, maybe no.”

A few weeks later the farmer’s son was training the new wild horses and fell off and broke his leg. The neighbors came around to commiserate his misfortune and said, “What bad luck!” The farmer replied, “Maybe yes, maybe no.”

The next week the army came around taking all the able-bodied young men from the village to fight in the war. The farmer’s son with a broken leg was left behind. The neighbors now lamented the loss of their sons and commented on how lucky the farmer was to have his son.

And so the story goes on…

Top 10 list of the Neville Goddard manifestation techniques

 Complete list of techniques

Tips & Techniques

Here is an apparent complete list of the Neville Goddard manifestation techniques! Never before have I seen a 'complete' list! Someone shared this from another website but HERE IT IS!

Complete Techniques:

Revision:

Revision is forgiveness. Revise any memory or recent event that does not correspond to your ideal to one that does. Revise all day, make it a habit. Revise your entire day at nighttime before bed. Memory is imagination

I Remember When:

Use the I remember when technique to move into a new state. Imagining FROM your wish fulfilled remembering the state you have moved out of. I remember when I had that old Toyota and now I have this new one.

Congratulations:

A congratulatory scene from another to you or you to another. Implies wish is fulfilled. Congratulations on your new car!

Fast Forward:

Moving forward in time to experience your wish fulfilled. In the morning fast forward to bedtime and experience the great day you just had with specific details or in general. Move out 10 years experience your wonderful marriage with two children etc.

Eavesdropping:

Imagine overhearing two or more people discuss you having your wish fulfilled. "Look how amazing she looks".

There here, then now:

Make there here. You are in X location imagining you are in Y location. From Y think of X. Make then now by experiencing now as you wish it were.

I Become You:

Become someone else experiencing you with your wish fulfilled.

Isn't it wonderful/Thank you:

When a desire comes upon you quickly follow with "Isn't it wonderful/Thank you". Implies your wish is fulfilled.

I AM mantra:

Repeat I AM to yourself before falling asleep.

Golden Rule:

Do unto other's as you would have them do unto you. As "they" are YOU pushed out..."they" will ALWAYS reflect YOU.

First Principle:

Be still and know that I Am God. Use throughout the day when stressed, confused, angry, tired, or need a break.

SATS:

State akin to sleep. The zone out state you experience when daydreaming. You enter the SATS when unintentionally daydreaming or intentionally by relaxing, breathing and entering the pre-sleep stage.

How Did I..?

How did I become so successful at achieving my wish fulfilled effortlessly and easily? When you ask "How," past tense, which is thinking FROM the end, you are eliciting the experience, not seeking an answer.

The world is created and sustained by all you assume as true and ALL that implies. State... is the sum total of all you assume as true and all that implies that is your overall 'state of consciousness'...you are constantly refining that state by assuming something else as true and using the techniques. What was there that can't fit with the new assumptions..drops away, is replaced by the new...to do that intentionally.. take what you want/ like.. and assume it is already true..that is the state of the wish fulfilled... which is simply FEELING as though ___ is already true. The entire body of beliefs (presuppositions) that support that..are automatically accepted as true as well (most of these are outside of everyone's conscious awareness) and that changes, by a little or a lot your overall "state".

 

Benoit Mandelbrot

---

Quick Info

Born

20 November 1924
Warsaw, Poland

Died

14 October 2010
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

---

Summary

Benoit Mandelbrot was largely responsible for the present interest in Fractal Geometry. He showed how Fractals can occur in many different places in both Mathematics and elsewhere in Nature.

View six larger pictures

---

Biography

Benoit Mandelbrot was largely responsible for the present interest in fractal geometry. He showed how fractals can occur in many different places in both mathematics and elsewhere in nature.

Mandelbrot was born in Poland in 1924 into a family with a very academic tradition. His father, however, made his living buying and selling clothes while his mother was a doctor. As a young boy, Mandelbrot was introduced to mathematics by his two uncles.

Mandelbrot's family emigrated to France in 1936 and his uncle Szolem Mandelbrojt, who was Professor of Mathematics at the Collège de France and the successor of Hadamard in this post, took responsibility for his education. In fact the influence of Szolem Mandelbrojt was both positive and negative since he was a great admirer of Hardy and Hardy's philosophy of mathematics. This brought a reaction from Mandelbrot against pure mathematics, although as Mandelbrot himself says, he now understands how Hardy's deep felt pacifism made him fear that applied mathematics, in the wrong hands, might be used for evil in time of war.

Mandelbrot attended the Lycée Rolin in Paris up to the start of World War II, when his family moved to Tulle in central France. This was a time of extraordinary difficulty for Mandelbrot who feared for his life on many occasions. In [3] the effect of these years on his education was emphasised:-

The war, the constant threat of poverty and the need to survive kept him away from school and college and despite what he recognises as "marvellous" secondary school teachers he was largely self taught.

Mandelbrot now attributed much of his success to this unconventional education. It allowed him to think in ways that might be hard for someone who, through a conventional education, is strongly encouraged to think in standard ways. It also allowed him to develop a highly geometrical approach to mathematics, and his remarkable geometric intuition and vision began to give him unique insights into mathematical problems.

After studying at Lyon, Mandelbrot entered the École Normale in Paris. It was one of the shortest lengths of time that anyone would study there, for he left after just one day. After a very successful performance in the entrance examinations of the École Polytechnique, Mandelbrot began his studies there in 1944. There he studied under the direction of Paul Lévy who was another to strongly influence Mandelbrot.

After completing his studies at the École Polytechnique, Mandelbrot went to the United States where he visited the California Institute of Technology. After a Ph.D. granted by the University of Paris, he went to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton where he was sponsored by John von Neumann.

Mandelbrot returned to France in 1955 and worked at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientific. He married Aliette Kagan during this period back in France and Geneva, but he did not stay there too long before returning to the United States. Clark gave the reasons for his unhappiness with the style of mathematics in France at this time [3]:-

Still deeply concerned with the more exotic forms of statistical mechanics and mathematical linguistics and full of non standard creative ideas he found the huge dominance of the French foundational school of Bourbaki not to his scientific tastes and in 1958 he left for the United States permanently and began his long standing and most fruitful collaboration with IBM as an IBM Fellow at their world renowned laboratories in Yorktown Heights in New York State.

IBM presented Mandelbrot with an environment which allowed him to explore a wide variety of different ideas. He has spoken of how this freedom at IBM to choose the directions that he wanted to take in his research presented him with an opportunity which no university post could have given him. After retiring from IBM, he found similar opportunities at Yale University, where he is presently Sterling Professor of Mathematical Sciences.

In 1945 Mandelbrot's uncle had introduced him to Julia's important 1918 paper claiming that it was a masterpiece and a potential source of interesting problems, but Mandelbrot did not like it. Indeed he reacted rather badly against suggestions posed by his uncle since he felt that his whole attitude to mathematics was so different from that of his uncle. Instead Mandelbrot chose his own very different course which, however, brought him back to Julia's paper in the 1970s after a path through many different sciences which some characterise as highly individualistic or nomadic. In fact the decision by Mandelbrot to make contributions to many different branches of science was a very deliberate one taken at a young age. It is remarkable how he was able to fulfil this ambition with such remarkable success in so many areas.

With the aid of computer graphics, Mandelbrot who then worked at IBM's Watson Research Center, was able to show how Julia's work is a source of some of the most beautiful fractals known today. To do this he had to develop not only new mathematical ideas, but also he had to develop some of the first computer programs to print graphics.

The Mandelbrot set is a connected set of points in the complex plane. Pick a point $z_{0}$ in the complex plane.

Calculate:
$z_{1} = z_{0}^{2} + z_{0}$
$z_{2} = z_{1}^{2} + z_{0}$
$z_{3} = z_{2}^{2} + z_{0}$
. . .

If the sequence $z_{0} , z_{1} , z_{2} , z_{3} , ...$ remains within a distance of 2 of the origin forever, then the point $z_{0}$ is said to be in the Mandelbrot set. If the sequence diverges from the origin, then the point is not in the set.

You can see the MandelbrotSet at THIS LINK.

His work was first put elaborated in his book Les objets fractals, forn, hasard et dimension Ⓣ (1975) and more fully in The fractal geometry of nature in 1982.

On 23 June 1999 Mandelbrot received the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from the University of St Andrews. At the ceremony Peter Clark gave an address [3] in which he put Mandelbrot's achievements into perspective. We quote from that address:-

... at the close of a century where the notion of human progress intellectual, political and moral is seen perhaps to be at best ambiguous and equivocal there is one area of human activity at least where the idea of, and achievement of, real progress is unambiguous and pellucidly clear. That is mathematics. In 1900 in a famous address to the International Congress of mathematicians in Paris David Hilbert listed some 25 open problems of outstanding significance. Many of those problems have been definitively solved, or shown to be insoluble, culminating as we all know most recently in the mid-nineties with the discovery of the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. The first of Hilbert's problems concerned a thicket of issues about the nature of the continuum or the real line, a major concern of 19th and indeed of 20th century analysis. The problem was both one of geometry concerning the nature of the line thought of as built up of points and of arithmetic thought of as the theory of the real numbers. The integration of those two fields was one of the great achievements of Richard Dedekind and Georg Cantor, the latter of whom we [St Andrews University] were intelligent enough to honour in 1911.

Now lurking about so to speak in the undergrowth of that achievement lay certain very extraordinary geometric objects indeed. To all at the time, they seemed strange, indeed rather pathological monsters. Odd indeed they were, there were curves - one dimensional lines in effect - which filled two dimensional spaces, there were curves which were well behaved, that is nice and continuous but which had no slope at any point (not just some points, ANY points) and they went by strange names, the Peano Space filling curve, the Sierpiński gasket, the Koch curve, the Cantor Ternary set. Despite their pathological qualities, their extraordinary complexity, especially when viewed in greater and greater detail, they were often very simple to describe in the sense that the rules which generated them were absurdly simple to state. So odd were these objects that mathematicians set about barring these monsters and they were set aside as too strange to be of interest. That is until our honorary graduand created out of them an entirely new science, the theory of fractal geometry: it was his insight and vision which saw in those objects and the many new ones he discovered, some of which now bear his name, not mathematical curiosities, but signposts to a new mathematical universe, a new geometry with as much system and generality as that of Euclid and a new physical science.

As well as IBM Fellow at the Watson Research Center Mandelbrot was Professor of the Practice of Mathematics at Harvard University. He also held appointments as Professor of Engineering at Yale, of Professor of Mathematics at the École Polytechnique, of Professor of Economics at Harvard, and of Professor of Physiology at the Einstein College of Medicine. Mandelbrot's excursions into so many different branches of science was, as we mention above, no accident but a very deliberate decision on his part. It was, however, the fact that fractals were so widely found which in many cases provided the route into other areas [3]:-

I should not ... give the impression that we have here before us a mathematician alone. Let me explain why. The first of his great insights was the discovery that the extraordinarily complex almost pathological structures, which had been long ignored, exhibited certain universal characteristics requiring a new theory of dimension to treat them adequately which he had generalised from earlier work of Hausdorff and Besicovitch but the second great insight was that the fractal property so discovered, the general theory of which he had provided, was present almost universally in Nature. What he saw was that the overwhelming smoothness paradigm with which mathematical physics had attempted to describe Nature was radically flawed and incomplete. Fractals and pre-fractals once noticed were everywhere. They occur in physics in the description of the extraordinarily complex behaviour of some simple physical systems like the forced pendulum and in the hugely complex behaviour of turbulence and phase transition. They occur as the foundations of what is now known as chaotic systems. They occur in economics with the behaviour of prices and as Poincaré had suspected but never proved in the behaviour of the Bourse or our own Stock exchange in London. They occur in physiology in the growth of mammalian cells. Believe it or not ... they occur in gardens. Note closely and you will see a difference between the flower heads of broccoli and cauliflower, a difference which can be exactly characterised in fractal theory.

Mandelbrot has received numerous honours and prizes in recognition of his remarkable achievements. For example, in 1985 Mandelbrot was awarded the Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science. The following year he received the Franklin Medal. In 1987 he was honoured with the Alexander von Humboldt Prize, receiving the Steinmetz Medal in 1988 and many more awards including the Légion d'Honneur in 1989, the Nevada Medal in 1991, the Wolf prize for physics in 1993 and the 2003 Japan Prize for Science and Technology.Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson

Last Update July 1999