First mammalian red blood cells found preserved in amber

It’s no dino DNA or Jurassic Park, but scientists have now discovered the first fossilized mammalian red blood cells encased in a piece of amber that they estimate is about 15 million to 30 million years old. According to Live Science, the researchers suggest the blood cells came from a monkey, because two holes on the back of the tick suggest it was removed from its host midfeeding, after which it became trapped in the sap. And like a Russian matryoshka doll, those blood cells yielded yet another prehistoric treasure, a species of blood parasite that still infects humans today.

The cells were found in a fossilized tick that had been gorging on a blood meal when it was unceremoniously removed midfeed and plunked in sticky amber. A subtle feature on the tick's back suggests that an ancient monkey that was grooming one of its friends removed the tick.

"Two tiny holes indicate that something picked a tick off the mammal it was feeding on, puncturing it in the process and dropping it immediately into tree sap," study co-author George Poinar Jr., an amber expert and professor emeritus at Oregon State University, said in a statement.

Credit: George Poinar, Jr./Oregon State University

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Fossilized Tick Reveals Perfectly Preserved Red Blood Cells
A blood-engorged tick that was trapped in amber at least 20 million years ago contained perfectly preserved red blood cells, likely from a monkey.

The only known example of ancient mammalian red blood cells preserved in amber may exist, thanks to a bit of monkey business.

The cells were found in a fossilized tick that had been gorging on a blood meal when it was unceremoniously removed midfeed and plunked in sticky amber. A subtle feature on the tick's back suggests that an ancient monkey that was grooming one of its friends removed the tick.

"Two tiny holes indicate that something picked a tick off the mammal it was feeding on, puncturing it in the process and dropping it immediately into tree sap," study co-author George Poinar Jr., an amber expert and professor emeritus at Oregon State University, said in a statement.


Examination of the gorgeously preserved specimen also reveals the presence of myriad parasites in the tick's gut. In modern times, similar parasites, such as Babesia microti, infect the blood cells of mammals ranging from humans to cattle.

"The fossilized blood cells, infected with these parasites, are simply amazing in their detail. This discovery provides the only known fossils of Babesia-type pathogens," Poinar said.


The fossil was found in mines in the Cordillera Septentrional mountain range of the Dominican Republic. Based on dating of algae and single-celled plankton covered in calcium-carbonate plates, which were found in the same area, the amber likely dates to between 15 million and 45 million years ago, according to the study, which was published online March 20 in the Journal of Medical Entomology. During that time period, the area would have been a thick tropical jungle.

The amber created a truly unprecedented level of preservation. The red blood cells were frozen inside the tick's gut in various stages of digestion. The amber also revealed the presence of many single-celled parasites, in different parts of their life cycle. Thanks to the differences in texture and weight between the parasite and the red blood cells, the amber naturally stained the parasites. Consequently, they appear like darker, signet-ring-shaped structures against the lighter-colored red blood cells.

 The red blood cells were too big to have belonged to most mammals; the size ruled out everything but dogs, rabbits and similar creatures or primates. However, rabbits and dogs did not live in the region at that time, while paleontologists have recovered numerous primate fossils dating roughly to the same ages. So a primate is the likeliest host for the tick — and primates are known for grooming each other.

Based on the shapes and structures formed from many cells of the parasites, Poinar pegged them as belonging broadly to the order Piroplasmida, likely from either the Babesia or the Theileria genus. Mammals today, from humans to cattle, can be infected with Babesia microti, which causes nonspecific, flu-like symptoms in humans.

"The life forms we find in amber can reveal so much about the history and evolution of diseases we still struggle with today," Poinar said. "This parasite, for instance, was clearly around millions of years before humans, and appears to have evolved alongside primates, among other hosts."

Originally published on Live Science.